@article{uninimx12747,
          volume = {24},
           month = {Junio},
            year = {2024},
         journal = {Sensors},
          number = {12},
           pages = {3754},
          author = {Hafeez Ur Rehman Siddiqui and Ambreen Akmal and Muhammad Iqbal and Adil Ali Saleem and Muhammad Amjad Raza and Kainat Zafar and Aqsa Zaib and Sandra Dudley and Jon Arambarri and {\'A}ngel Gabriel Kuc Castilla and Furqan Rustam},
           title = {Ultra-Wide Band Radar Empowered Driver Drowsiness Detection with Convolutional Spatial Feature Engineering and Artificial Intelligence},
             url = {http://repositorio.unini.edu.mx/id/eprint/12747/},
        keywords = {drowsiness; ultra-wideband radar; convolutional neural network; spatial features; ensemble models},
        abstract = {Driving while drowsy poses significant risks, including reduced cognitive function and the potential for accidents, which can lead to severe consequences such as trauma, economic losses, injuries, or death. The use of artificial intelligence can enable effective detection of driver drowsiness, helping to prevent accidents and enhance driver performance. This research aims to address the crucial need for real-time and accurate drowsiness detection to mitigate the impact of fatigue-related accidents. Leveraging ultra-wideband radar data collected over five minutes, the dataset was segmented into one-minute chunks and transformed into grayscale images. Spatial features are retrieved from the images using a two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network. Following that, these features were used to train and test multiple machine learning classifiers. The ensemble classifier RF-XGB-SVM, which combines Random Forest, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine using a hard voting criterion, performed admirably with an accuracy of 96.6\%. Additionally, the proposed approach was validated with a robust k-fold score of 97\% and a standard deviation of 0.018, demonstrating significant results. The dataset is augmented using Generative Adversarial Networks, resulting in improved accuracies for all models. Among them, the RF-XGB-SVM model outperformed the rest with an accuracy score of 99.58\%.}
}